Hvaða máli skiptir menntun?

Höfundur er Kolbrún Þ. Pálsdóttir, forseti Menntavísindasviðs Háskóla Íslands

Þessi spurn­ing virð­ist fremur fánýt og ef til vill óþörf. Hver myndi halda því fram að menntun skipti litlu sem engu máli? Við þurfum ekki nema að huga að eigin lífs­ferli til að átta okkur á þeim áhrifum sem kenn­arar og mennta­stofn­anir hafa haft á líf okk­ar. Á hverjum virkum degi allan árs­ins hring ganga börn á Íslandi í leik­skóla,  180 daga árs­ins sækja 6-16 ára börn á Íslandi grunn­skóla, og all­flest ung­menni á Íslandi inn­rit­ast á ein­hverjum tíma­punkti í fram­halds­skóla, þó ekki ljúki þau öll námi. Það virð­ist svo aug­ljóst að menntun skipti máli, að við gefum okkur sjaldan tíma til að spyrja hvaða máli skiptir mennt­un? Þó er mik­il­vægt að velta þess­ari spurn­ingu fyrir sér, því hún knýr á um að við veltum fyrir okkur mark­miði og til­gangi mennt­un­ar.

Mótun fram­tíð­ar­borg­ara

Þegar glöggt er skoð­að, og jafn­vel þó um yfir­borðs­skoðun sé að ræða, þá blasa við að minnsta kosti tvær ólíkar leiðir til að svara þess­ari spurn­ingu. Sé litið til opin­berrar orð­ræðu um menntun og ríkj­andi áhersl­ur, er ljóst að almennt er talið að menntun skipti miklu máli fyrir fram­gang og þróun sam­fé­lags­ins sjálfs, ekki síst atvinnu­lífs­ins. Ég ætla að kalla það hina tækni­legu sýn á mennt­un. Þessi sýn á menntun byggir á því að menntun felist í því að þjálfa og fræða fram­tíð­ar­borg­ara til að leggja sitt fram í verka­skipt­ingu sam­fé­lags­ins, mennta fólk til ólíkra starfa, í okkar eigin þágu sem og sam­fé­lags­ins alls. Mæli­kvarð­inn á menntun er hér fyrst og fremst met­inn í fram­leiðslu­getu og efna­hags­stöðu sam­fé­lags­ins. Þegar horft er til nem­enda, er einkum horft til getu og færni á ákveðnum skil­greindum fagsvið­um, sem og útskrift­ar­töl­ur, atvinnu­mögu­leika og aðra skýra og mæl­an­lega þætti.

Ræktun mennsk­unnar

Önnur leið til að svara því hvaða máli menntun skiptir horfir fremur til ein­stak­lings­ins sjálfs, þroska hans og mögu­leika, og í raun til list­ar­innar að lifa sem mann­eskja. Köllum þetta sjón­ar­horn á mark­mið mennt­unar hina húmanísku sýn. Þessi sýn á menntun á sér djúpar rætur í hug­mynda­sögu mann­kyns. Þeim fræjum sem grísku heim­spek­ing­arnir sáðu á fornöld um að menntun fælist í því að rækta mennsk­una og mögu­leika hvers ein­stak­lings, hefur sann­ar­lega lif­að. Það er þó ekki sam­fé­lag­inu sjálfu að þakka og því síður mennta­kerfum vest­rænna sam­fé­lagi. Fremur má segja að þessi hug­sjón sé enn lif­andi þrátt fyrir sífellt sterk­ari þrýst­ing á hinn hag­nýta árangur mennt­un­ar, á hina tækni­legu sýn á mennt­un.

Því fer fjarri að ég ætli að halda því fram að hin tækni­lega eða hag­nýta sýn sé röng. Menntun er und­ir­staða fram­fara í sam­fé­lag­inu, tryggir þróun þekk­ingar og atvinnu­lífs. Menntun tryggir stoðir efna­hags- og atvinnu­lífs­ins, sem stuðlar að auknum lífs­gæðum ein­stak­linga, mögu­leikum þeirra og far­sæld. Ég held því á hinn bóg­inn fram að hið húmaníska svar eigi ávallt að koma fyrst, að þroski hvers ein­stak­lings sé hið eig­in­lega mark­mið mennt­un­ar. Rökin fyrir því eru þau að öll vel­meg­un, vel­sæld og lífs­gæði sem við getum orðið okkur úti um eru einskis nýt ef við höfum ekki til að bera hyggju­vit, þroska og lífs­gildi til að nýta mögu­leika okk­ar, tæki og tól til góðs.

Kenn­arar og mennta­hug­sjónin

Hverjir standa vörð um hina húmanísku mennt­un? Það eru kenn­arar allra skóla­stiga, sem alla daga eru í sam­skiptum við börn og ungt fólk. Kenn­arar sem hafa helgað líf sitt mennta­hug­sjón­inni. Kenn­arar sem vita að nám er per­sónu­legt, nám er aðstæðu­bundið og nám er þroski. Færni og þekk­ing skipta að sjálf­sögðu máli, miklu máli, og opna dyr ein­stak­linga að veru­leik­an­um, nátt­úr­unni og sam­fé­lag­inu. Við þjálfum hæfi­leika okk­ar, dóm­greind og grein­andi hugsun með því að takast á við nýjar áskor­anir og ögrandi verk­efni. En listin að lifa, listin að vera mann­eskja, tengj­ast öðru fólki, leita eigin leiða og lausna – þetta er kjarn­inn í því að þroskast, að mennt­ast.

Tog­streitan eilífa um hið vissa og óvissa

Bók­mennt­ir, nátt­úru­fræði, stærð­fræði, tungu­mál, listir og sam­fé­lags­greinar skapa vett­vang fyrir nám og þroska, efla and­lega og lík­am­lega skynj­un, og gefa færi á bæði grein­andi og skap­andi hugs­un. Við verðum ekki öll rit­höf­und­ar, vís­inda­menn, lista­menn eða verk­fræð­ingar en við búum öll yfir óend­an­legum mögu­leikum sem finna sér mis­mun­andi far­vegi. Mennta­kerfið á að hlúa að mögu­leikum allra til þroska og far­sæld­ar, að gefa öllum færi á að kynn­ast heim­inum á ólíka vegu. Heim­spek­ing­ur­inn Sig­urður Nor­dal flutti fyr­ir­lestra fyrir réttum hund­rað árum um þroska­hug­sjón­ina sem köll­uð­ust Ein­lyndi og marg­lyndi. Í fyr­ir­lestr­unum setti Sig­urður fram kenn­ingu sína um ein­lyndi og marg­lyndi sem grunn­þætti sál­ar­lífs­ins. Sam­kvæmt kenn­ing­unni þá snýst líf okkar að miklu leyti um að finna jafn­vægið þarna á milli, en einnig að lifa í tog­streit­unni um hið vissa og hið óvissa, vera við­kvæm en samt sterk. Ég vek athygli áhuga­samra á ráð­stefnu sem haldin verður í Hann­es­ar­holti næst­kom­andi laug­ar­dag 27. apríl til heið­urs Sig­urði Nor­dal, þar sem boð­skapur hans í fyr­ir­lestr­a­r­öð­inni er krufinn í ljósi nútím­ans.

Hvaða máli skiptir menntun fyrir þig?

Ein megin nið­ur­staða Sig­urðar Nor­dals er að „allt líf, sem er vert þess að lifa því, gengur út á að sam­rýma ósam­rým­an­legar and­stæður …“, ná valdi á tog­streit­unni sem gjarnan ein­kennir líf okk­ar, fanga hana, gera hana að skap­andi krafti. Þessa ábyrgð höfum við öll, bæði sem ein­stak­lingar og sem sam­fé­lag. Gerum okkur ljósa þá tog­streitu sem er að finna í ólíkum hug­myndum um mark­mið mennt­un­ar. Gerum ekki til­raun til að breiða yfir hana, veltum fyrir okkur hvaða afleið­ingar það hefur að hafa hina húmanísku sýn á menntun ávallt í aft­ur­sæt­inu, en ekki í for­grunni. Kenn­arar vita að menntun snýst ekki ein­göngu um það sem augað mæl­ir, heldur fremur það sem hjartað nem­ur. Það er á ábyrgð okkar allra að for­gangs­raða rétt í mennta­kerf­inu, hlusta á þann vitn­is­burð sem kenn­arar gefa og veita hverju barni og ung­menni svig­rúm til að þroska hæfi­leika sína á eigin for­send­um. Hvaða máli skiptir menntun fyrir þig?

Greinin birtist upphaflega í Kjarnanum.

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